Accelerating Networking, Cyberinfrastructure, and Hardware for Oceanic Research Act or the ANCHOR Act&nbsp;This bill requires the National Science Foundation (NSF) to develop a plan to improve the cybersecurity and telecommunications capabilities of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet (ARF).ARF is comprised of U.S.-flagged vessels that provide at-sea laboratories where oceanographic scientists, educators, and students research and learn about marine science.&nbsp;The bill requires the plan to include assessments of<ul><li>telecommunications and networking needs of ARF, consistent with typical scientific missions;</li><li>cybersecurity needs appropriate for the operation of ARF vessels and their specific research functions;</li><li>the costs necessary to meet these needs;</li><li>the time required to implement necessary upgrades; and</li><li>opportunities for the adoption of common solutions or&nbsp;consortial licensing agreements, or for the centralization of cybersecurity, telecommunications, or data management at a single facility.&nbsp;</li></ul>The plan must also include a spending plan for the NSF, the Office of Naval Research, nonfederal&nbsp;owners of ARF vessels,&nbsp;and users of the vessels to cover identified costs.&nbsp;Among other factors specified in the bill, the&nbsp;NSF must consider, as appropriate, the network capabilities necessary to meet mission needs (e.g., to upload data to cloud-based or shoreside servers), international standards and guidance for information security, and requirements for controlled unclassified or classified information.&nbsp;The plan must be provided to Congress within 18 months of the bill's enactment, and the NSF must later report to Congress on the plan's implementation.&nbsp;